Terms

ATTRIBUTED TO - A work which, in the opinion of specialists, was most likely created by the named artist or maker, based on available stylistic, technical, historical or other research evidence.

STUDIO / WORKSHOP - A work created within the studio or workshop of an artist or maker, possibly with their participation, under their supervision or as part of the activities of their workshop.

ATELIER - A work produced within the professional environment of an artist or maker, associated with the practice of their studio or artistic workshop.

CIRCLE OF - A work created by an artist or maker associated with the close creative environment of the named author, generally during the same historical period.

FOLLOWER OF - A work created by an artist or maker influenced by the work of the named author, but not necessarily directly connected to the artist or their workshop.

MANNER OF - A work executed in the style or artistic manner of a particular author, but created at a later date and without an established direct connection with the artist.

SCHOOL OF - A work associated with the artistic tradition of a specific region, period, movement or group of artists.

AFTER - A later work created based on a known composition or original work by another artist.

IN THE STYLE OF - A work created under the influence of the artistic language, aesthetics or characteristic features of a particular author, period or movement.

PROBABLE ATTRIBUTION - A preliminary expert opinion regarding the possible authorship, origin or connection of a work with a particular artist, workshop or school, requiring further research.

VERSION - A variant of a known composition or work that may differ in size, details, technique of execution, date of creation or degree of the author`s involvement.

REPLICA - A repetition of a known work, model or composition created by the author, workshop or another maker.

ARTIST`S MODEL - An original model, form or composition created by the author and used for the subsequent production or reproduction of works.

CONDITION - A general assessment of the condition of an object at the time of cataloguing, based on a visual examination carried out by ANTIQON specialists.

REQUIRES RESTORATION - The condition of an object showing significant signs of age, damage, losses or evidence of previous interventions, which may require restoration or further professional attention.

FAIR CONDITION - The condition of an object showing noticeable signs of age, use, natural wear, restorations or previous interventions.

GOOD CONDITION - The condition of an object showing natural signs of age and use, consistent with the period of creation, materials and history of use of the object.

VERY GOOD CONDITION - The condition of an object with a high degree of preservation of original elements and only minor signs of age or use.

EXCELLENT CONDITION - The condition of an object showing minimal signs of age, use or storage.

CONDITION REPORT - A Condition Report is a description of the condition of an object prepared by ANTIQON specialists based on a visual examination at the time of cataloguing. The report is intended for informational purposes and reflects the main aspects of the object`s state of preservation identified during examination. Unless expressly stated otherwise, the Condition Report does not constitute a comprehensive technical, laboratory, restoration or scientific examination of the object. ANTIQON does not guarantee the absence of hidden defects, internal damage, concealed restorations, structural alterations, replaced elements, evidence of previous interventions or other characteristics that cannot be identified during a standard visual examination.

SIGNED - The work bears the signature of the author, artist or maker.

UNSIGNED - The work does not bear a visible signature of the author, artist or maker.

MONOGRAM - An abbreviated form of the name of an author or maker, represented by initials, symbols or a combination thereof.

INSCRIPTION - Textual information applied to an object relating to its authorship, history, owner, date, purpose or other relevant details.

DATED - The object bears a date of creation or a date associated with its history.

MAKER`S MARK - A mark identifying the manufacturer, company, trading house or firm responsible for producing the object.

MASTER`S MARK - A personal mark of an individual craftsman or maker, allowing identification of the person responsible for creating the object.

WORKSHOP MARK - A mark identifying an artistic, craft or production workshop associated with the creation of the object.

ASSAY MARK - An official mark confirming the precious metal content of an item according to an established assay system.

OFFICIAL ASSAY MARK - An official mark applied by a state assay authority confirming that the item has been examined and complies with established requirements.

REGISTERED MAKER`S MARK - A registered mark of a craftsman, jeweller, company or manufacturer, allowing identification of the maker of the item.

MANUFACTURER`S MARK - A mark identifying the company, factory or manufacturer associated with the production of the object.

MANUFACTORY MARK - A historical mark of a manufactory, factory or production facility indicating the place and period of manufacture of the object.

INVENTORY NUMBER - A registration number assigned to an object by a museum, collection, institution or previous owner.

EXHIBITION LABEL - A label, sticker or marking indicating that the object has participated in an exhibition or display.

GALLERY LABEL - A label or marking from a gallery, dealer, auction house or seller, associated with the ownership and provenance history of the object.

PROVENANCE - The known or documented history of ownership of an object, reflecting its collection history, transfers between owners and historical context.

PRIVATE COLLECTION - The object was previously held in a private collection.

EUROPEAN COLLECTION - The object originates from a collection formed within Europe.

FAMILY COLLECTION - The object remained in the ownership of the same family for several generations.

BY DESCENT - The object was transferred to the owner by inheritance.

FROM THE COLLECTION OF - Indicates that the object belonged to a specific collection.

EXHIBITED - The object was presented at an exhibition, fair or museum display.

PUBLISHED - The object was mentioned or reproduced in printed or digital publications.

AUCTION PROVENANCE - The documented history of an object`s participation in auction sales, including information from catalogues, archives or auction results.

ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS - Documentary materials related to the ownership history, publication or exhibition history of an object.

ORIGINAL WORK - An original work of art, antique or collectible object created by the author, maker, manufacturer or during the corresponding historical period.

AUTHENTICATED - The object has undergone expert examination and has been recognised as corresponding to the stated authorship, origin, period or characteristics at the time of the expert review, based on available information and conducted research.

CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY - A document confirming the identification of an object and containing information regarding its authorship, attribution, period, characteristics or provenance. The certificate may be issued by the author, rights holder, archive, foundation, expert, workshop, manufacturer, specialised organisation or by ANTIQON within its own documentation system.

EXPERT OPINION - A document or professional opinion issued by a specialist, expert or specialised organisation, containing conclusions regarding the authorship, attribution, dating, provenance, condition or other characteristics of an object.

INDEPENDENT EXPERTISE - An expert examination or report prepared by an external specialist or organisation not involved in the sale process of the object.

MUSEUM EXPERTISE - An expert opinion, study or report prepared by a museum institution, its specialists or based on museum research.

SCHOLARLY ATTRIBUTION - Determination of the authorship, period, school, origin or cultural and historical context of an object based on research, comparative analysis, archival, historical or scientific data.

ARCHIVAL CONFIRMATION - Confirmation of information regarding the authorship, provenance, ownership history or creation of an object based on archival documents and historical sources.

PRELIMINARY ATTRIBUTION - A working expert opinion regarding the authorship, period, school or origin of an object, based on available information and requiring further study or confirmation.

REQUIRES FURTHER RESEARCH - The available information is insufficient to definitively confirm certain details regarding the authorship, dating, provenance or history of the object; additional research or new sources of information are required.